Review the recent guidelines from the American Diabetes Association (2023 guidelines)
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Which type of diabetes is caused by autoimmune β-cell destruction?
This type of diabetes involves the destruction of β-cells by the immune system.
Which type of diabetes is diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy?
This type of diabetes is specific to pregnant women.
What are the hallmark symptoms of type 1 diabetes in children?
These symptoms are related to increased urination and thirst.
What does LADA stand for?
This term refers to a slowly progressive autoimmune diabetes that occurs in adults.
Which type of diabetes is typically associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome?
This type of diabetes often involves a progressive loss of β-cell insulin secretion and may occur in the background of insulin resistance.
Which of the following is NOT a general category of diabetes?
Which diagnostic test requires no caloric intake for at least 8 hours before testing?
Consider the test that involves fasting.
What is the A1C diagnostic threshold for diabetes?
What does LADA stand for?
Recall the term for slowly progressive autoimmune diabetes with an adult onset.
Which diagnostic test for diabetes should be performed in a laboratory using a method that is NGSP certified and standardized to the DCCT assay?
Consider the test that involves measuring glycated hemoglobin.
Which test should be performed to diagnose diabetes in a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia?
Consider the test that is suitable for patients with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia.
What is the A1C diagnostic threshold for diabetes?
Look for the A1C percentage that indicates diabetes.
In which conditions should only plasma blood glucose criteria be used to diagnose diabetes?
Consider conditions that impact red blood cell turnover or hemoglobin glycation.
Which factor may cause African American individuals to have lower A1C levels for a given level of mean glycemia?
Focus on a common hemoglobin variant found in African American individuals.
How many grams of carbohydrates should a person consume daily for at least 3 days prior to oral glucose tolerance testing?
At what age should screening for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes begin for all people?
Consider the recommended age for universal screening.
Which of the following tests is NOT appropriate for screening for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes?
Review the appropriate tests mentioned in the text for screening prediabetes and type 2 diabetes.
What is the minimum recommended interval for repeat screening if the initial tests for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes are normal?
Consider the suggested time interval for retesting when initial tests are normal.
What is the recommended carbohydrate intake before an oral glucose tolerance test for diabetes screening?
Look for the amount of carbohydrate intake that should be assured for 3 days prior to testing.
When should risk-based screening for prediabetes and/or type 2 diabetes be considered in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity?
Consider when screening should start in relation to puberty and age.
What is the definition of prediabetes?
Consider all the factors that can indicate prediabetes.
At what age should screening for diabetes begin for all people?
Think about the age mentioned in the text for starting diabetes screening.
How often should people with prediabetes be tested for diabetes?
Consider the frequency of testing mentioned in the text for people with prediabetes.
What is the ADA Diabetes Risk Test used for?
Think about the purpose of the ADA Diabetes Risk Test mentioned in the text.
Which condition is associated with insulin resistance and could be a risk factor for prediabetes?
What percentage of all diabetes cases is represented by Type 2 diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes.
Which of the following factors increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
Consider factors like age, obesity, and lack of physical activity.
What is a common characteristic of people with type 2 diabetes concerning insulin levels?
Think about the relationship between insulin levels and blood glucose in type 2 diabetes.
Which of the following is least likely to occur spontaneously in individuals with type 2 diabetes?
Consider complications that are less common in type 2 diabetes.
Which racial/ethnic subgroups have a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes?
At what age should testing for diabetes begin for all people?
Consider the age mentioned for starting diabetes testing.
What BMI cut point is suggested for defining increased risk in Asian American individuals?
Recall the specific BMI cut point mentioned for Asian American individuals.
Which of the following medications is known to increase the risk of diabetes?
What is the recommended screening interval for diabetes in high-risk individuals?
Why is community screening for diabetes generally not recommended?
Consider the potential issues with follow-up care in community screening.
At what age should annual screening for cystic fibrosis–related diabetes begin?
Consider the age mentioned for starting cystic fibrosis–related diabetes screening.
Which test is NOT recommended as a screening test for cystic fibrosis–related diabetes?
What is the primary treatment for people with cystic fibrosis–related diabetes?
When should annual monitoring for complications of cystic fibrosis–related diabetes begin?
Think about the time frame mentioned for starting annual monitoring for complications.
What is the primary rationale for using insulin in people with cystic fibrosis–related diabetes?
Consider the main reason mentioned for using insulin in cystic fibrosis–related diabetes
After organ transplantation, what should be screened for?
Consider what condition is mentioned to be screened for after organ transplantation.
Which test is preferred to diagnose posttransplantation diabetes mellitus?
Recall the test mentioned as the preferred method for diagnosing posttransplantation diabetes mellitus.
What is the primary treatment for hyperglycemia in patients after organ transplantation?
Consider the primary treatment mentioned for hyperglycemia in posttransplant patients.
Which factor is NOT a risk factor for posttransplantation diabetes mellitus?
What is a common complication in transplant patients that may require drug dose adjustments?
At what age should individuals diagnosed with diabetes undergo genetic testing for neonatal diabetes?
Consider the age mentioned for immediate genetic testing for neonatal diabetes.
Which type of diabetes is characterized by onset of hyperglycemia at an early age and autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance?
Look for the type of diabetes described with early onset and autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.
Which gene mutation is the most common cause of permanent neonatal diabetes?
Recall the gene mutation mentioned as the most common cause of permanent neonatal diabetes.
What is the preferred treatment for individuals with GCK-MODY?
Consider the treatment mentioned for individuals with GCK-MODY.
What is the first-line therapy for individuals with HNF1A- or HNF4A-MODY?
Recall the first-line therapy mentioned for individuals with HNF1
What is the main reason for correctly diagnosing monogenic diabetes?
Consider the main reason for the correct diagnosis of monogenic diabetes.
What can a biomarker screening pathway, such as the combination of urinary C-peptide/creatinine ratio and antibody screening, aid in?
Recall the purpose of the biomarker screening pathway mentioned in the text.
What is a distinguishing feature of postpancreatitis diabetes mellitus (PPDM)?
Consider the specific feature mentioned for postpancreatitis diabetes mellitus (PPDM).
What term is used to describe hyperglycemia due to general pancreatic dysfunction?
Look for the term used for hyperglycemia caused by general pancreatic dysfunction.
What is the primary cause of diabetes in the context of disease of the exocrine pancreas?
What is the recommended screening period for gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant individuals who have not been previously diagnosed with diabetes or high-risk abnormal glucose metabolism?
When should individuals with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus be screened for prediabetes or diabetes postpartum?
Find the recommended postpartum screening time for individuals with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus.
How often should individuals with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus be screened for the development of diabetes or prediabetes?
Look for the recommended lifelong screening frequency for individuals with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus.
What should individuals with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus and diagnosed with prediabetes receive to prevent diabetes?
Find the recommended prevention strategy for individuals with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus and prediabetes.
Which of the following tests can be used for early abnormal glucose metabolism screening during pregnancy?
When should pregnant individuals be screened for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) if they have not been previously diagnosed with diabetes or high-risk abnormal glucose metabolism?
Focus on the standard screening time for GDM.
What are the two strategies for diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?
One strategy is derived from the IADPSG criteria, while the other is an older approach.
At which plasma glucose values is the diagnosis of GDM made using the one-step 75-g OGTT strategy?
Remember the specific plasma glucose values for the one-step 75-g OGTT strategy.
What is the prevalence of prediabetes in people of reproductive age (20-44 years) according to NHANES data?
What is the main difference between the one-step and two-step strategies for diagnosing GDM?
Look for the main tests used in each strategy.
What are the main mediators of childhood body fat associated with maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy according to HAPO FUS data?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended site for insulin injection?
Look for the site that is not mentioned as a recommended site for insulin injection.
What is the main reason for the importance of injection site rotation in insulin therapy?
Look for the complication that occurs due to repeated insulin injections at the same site.
What is the main advantage of using short needles (e.g., 4-mm pen needles) for insulin injection?
Look for the advantage related to the risk of injecting insulin into the wrong tissue.
What is the main effect of pramlintide when used as an adjunct to insulin treatment in adults with type 1 diabetes?
Look for the effects of pramlintide on A1C levels and weight.
Which medication should be continued upon initiation of insulin therapy for ongoing glycemic and metabolic benefits in type 2 diabetes patients?
Look for the medication that is most commonly prescribed as the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes.
When should the early introduction of insulin be considered in type 2 diabetes treatment?
Look for the circumstances where blood glucose or A1C levels are significantly elevated.
In adults with type 2 diabetes, which is preferred over insulin when possible?
Look for the medication class that is preferred over insulin when possible.
What should be reevaluated at regular intervals (every 3-6 months) in type 2 diabetes patients?
Look for the aspect of treatment that needs ongoing monitoring and adjustment.
Which agent should be continued upon initiation of insulin therapy for ongoing glycemic and metabolic benefits?
This agent is often used as the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes.
In adults with type 2 diabetes, which is preferred over insulin when possible?
This agent mimics the action of the incretin hormone.
What should be considered in the glucose-lowering management of type 2 diabetes?
These factors help to create a person-centered approach to diabetes management.
When should the early introduction of insulin be considered?
These are indications that the patient may need more aggressive glucose-lowering treatment.
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