Basic Science Questions (Endocrinology)

Rathke’s pouch gives rise to which of the following structures?

Which of these pairing of relations of the pituitary gland to critical structures is incorrect

Which of these hormones produces the classic pituitary bright spot noted on MRIs of healthy patients?

Which of the following statements is incorrect

Which of the following statements about Sheehan syndrome is incorrect?

Which of the following statements about pituitary apoplexy is incorrect?

Which of the following procedures for accessing a pituitary tumor intra-operatively can reliably treat more than 90% of sellar and parasellar tumors, with the most negligible morbidity and mortality.

A patient with primary hyperparathyroidism undergoes parathyroidectomy of a left inferior parathyroid adenoma. The excised tumor is a derivative of which of the following pharyngeal structures.

Which of the following statements about the embryonic development of the thyroid gland is inaccurate?

A patient with differentiated thyroid cancer has been scheduled for radioactive iodine treatment. The supervising endocrinologist instructs a first-year fellow to discuss a low iodine diet with the patient prior to treatment. Which of the following statements regarding the transporter central to the effectiveness of radioactive iodine is inaccurate?

What is the role of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) in thyroid hormone physiology?

You have a 72-year-old female patient with primary hypothyroidism receiving porcine-derived desiccated thyroid hormone extract from a naturopath. She is clinically and biochemically hyperthyroid. Which of these statements is incorrect regarding the metabolism of T3 and T4.

Which of these is not a proposed pathophysiologic mechanism explaining tachycardia in hyperthyroidism.

An 18-year-old female with uncontrolled hypothyroidism is referred to the clinic for evaluation of galactorrhea. Which of the following pathophysiologic mechanisms explains this rare phenomenon?

An attending proceeds to examine the breasts of a 32-year-old man with Graves disease and notes bilateral palpable tissue in the subareolar complex of the breast. What is the likely explanation for this?

Which of the following is not a known cause of nontoxic goiter formation.

Which of the following is incorrect about embryonic development of the adrenal glands

A 54-year-old woman with severe hypertension is noted to have a serum normetanephrine level 1.5x above the upper limit of the normal reference range. Serum metanephrine and dopamine metabolites are both within the normal reference range. Which of these statements is true?

Which of the following statements about vascular supply to the adrenal glands is true

A 50-year-old male presents to the emergency room with new-onset hypertension, normal plasma glucose, hypokalemia, low plasma renin, and low plasma aldosterone. Random plasma cortisol: cortisone ratio is 20:1. His body mass index is 21, and he has no family history of hypertension. What is the likely cause of this presentation?

Which of the following is not a known pathophysiologic basis of polycystic ovary syndrome?

Which of these is not a physical finding among females with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS)?

Which of these karyotypes in patients with Turner syndrome is not associated with dysgerminomas.

Which of the following is not a cause of gynecomastia

Which of the following statements about the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in men is incorrect?

What causes the phenotypic features of males with 46XX testicular disorder of sex development?

Which of these clinical features is not present in patients with Klinefelter syndrome

How does estrogen resistance contribute to tall stature in affected persons?

Which of these statements about the pancreas is inaccurate

Identify the correct matching of glucose transporter (GLUT) to its primary site of action.

What is the site of action of insulin secretagogues (e.g., sulfonylurea)

Which of these proposed mechanisms central to our understanding of the pathophysiologic basis of type two diabetes mellitus is incorrect?

Identify the correct matching of diabetes pharmacotherapy to its mechanism of action

How does sarcoidosis cause hypercalemia?

Which of the following statements regarding bone resorption is incorrect?

A patient presents to the clinic with a 5-year history of intermittent hypercalcemia. Biochemical workup was significant for hypercalcemia and elevated serum parathyroid hormone levels. The patient had a normal bone mineral density, normal vitamin D stores, normal renal function, and no evidence of renal stones. 24hour urine calcium was very low. What is the likely diagnosis?

A patient presents to the clinic with a history of hypocalcemia. Biochemical workup was significant for hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. The patient had a normal bone mineral density, normal vitamin D stores, normal renal function with no evidence of renal stones. Serum parathyroid hormone is low but detectable. His endocrinologist initiates calcium supplementation and notices more than a 50% decline in serum parathyroid hormone levels. What is the likely diagnosis of this patient?

What is the mechanism of action of ezetimibe?

Which of the following is not involved in the exogenous and endogenous lipoprotein pathways

Which of the following is not involved in reverse cholesterol transport

What is the primary function of the pituitary gland?

Which two lobes make up the pituitary gland?

Which part of the pituitary gland does not produce hormones but releases them?

What is the name of the vascular system that connects the adenohypophysis to the hypothalamus?

Which hormone stimulates the growth of almost all tissues of the body and is anabolic?

Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

What is the largest organ in the human body?

What is the function of the anterior pituitary gland?

What is the primary target of growth hormone?

What is the main function of prolactin?

What is the name of the region between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland?

What are the five endocrine hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

What is the physiological function of growth hormone?

What is the main function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

What is the main function of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)?

Where are the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) synthesized?

What is the most common cause of hyperprolactinemia?

What is the primary function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

What is the target cell of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)?

Which hormones are synthesized and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

What is the main stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin?

What is the primary function of TSH?

What is the main stimulus for ADH release?

What hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland to stimulate milk ejection from the breast?

What is the primary function of ACTH?

What is the main cause of hyperprolactinemia?

Which structure physically and functionally connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

What is the main function of the hypothalamohypophyseal tract?

Which hormones are produced by acidophilic cells in the anterior pituitary gland?

Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

What type of feedback mechanism regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk production in the mammary glands?

Which of the following hormones is released in response to stress?

Which hormone regulates water balance and blood pressure by acting on the kidneys?

What is the primary target of luteinizing hormone (LH) in males?

Which of the following hormones promotes growth and cell reproduction?

What is the origin of the term 'pituitary'?

Which two hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

What is the primary function of the growth hormone?

Which hormone is responsible for the stimulation of mammary glands to release milk?