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Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Rathke’s pouch gives rise to which of the following structures?
Rathke’s pouch is derived from ectodermal tissue
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Which of these pairing of relations of the pituitary gland to critical structures is incorrect
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Which of these hormones produces the classic pituitary bright spot noted on MRIs of healthy patients?
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Which of the following statements is incorrect
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Which of the following statements about Sheehan syndrome is incorrect?
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Which of the following statements about pituitary apoplexy is incorrect?
Which of the following procedures for accessing a pituitary tumor intra-operatively can reliably treat more than 90% of sellar and parasellar tumors, with the most negligible morbidity and mortality.
A patient with primary hyperparathyroidism undergoes parathyroidectomy of a left inferior parathyroid adenoma. The excised tumor is a derivative of which of the following pharyngeal structures.
Which of the following statements about the embryonic development of the thyroid gland is inaccurate?
A patient with differentiated thyroid cancer has been scheduled for radioactive iodine treatment. The supervising endocrinologist instructs a first-year fellow to discuss a low iodine diet with the patient prior to treatment. Which of the following statements regarding the transporter central to the effectiveness of radioactive iodine is inaccurate?
What is the role of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) in thyroid hormone physiology?
You have a 72-year-old female patient with primary hypothyroidism receiving porcine-derived desiccated thyroid hormone extract from a naturopath. She is clinically and biochemically hyperthyroid. Which of these statements is incorrect regarding the metabolism of T3 and T4.
Which of these is not a proposed pathophysiologic mechanism explaining tachycardia in hyperthyroidism.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
An 18-year-old female with uncontrolled hypothyroidism is referred to the clinic for evaluation of galactorrhea. Which of the following pathophysiologic mechanisms explains this rare phenomenon?
An attending proceeds to examine the breasts of a 32-year-old man with Graves disease and notes bilateral palpable tissue in the subareolar complex of the breast. What is the likely explanation for this?
Which of the following is not a known cause of nontoxic goiter formation.
Which of the following is incorrect about embryonic development of the adrenal glands
A 54-year-old woman with severe hypertension is noted to have a serum normetanephrine level 1.5x above the upper limit of the normal reference range. Serum metanephrine and dopamine metabolites are both within the normal reference range. Which of these statements is true?
Which of the following statements about vascular supply to the adrenal glands is true
A 50-year-old male presents to the emergency room with new-onset hypertension, normal plasma glucose, hypokalemia, low plasma renin, and low plasma aldosterone. Random plasma cortisol: cortisone ratio is 20:1. His body mass index is 21, and he has no family history of hypertension. What is the likely cause of this presentation?
Which of the following is not a known pathophysiologic basis of polycystic ovary syndrome?
Which of these is not a physical finding among females with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS)?
Which of these karyotypes in patients with Turner syndrome is not associated with dysgerminomas.
Which of the following is not a cause of gynecomastia
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Which of the following statements about the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in men is incorrect?
What causes the phenotypic features of males with 46XX testicular disorder of sex development?
Which of these clinical features is not present in patients with Klinefelter syndrome
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
How does estrogen resistance contribute to tall stature in affected persons?
Which of these statements about the pancreas is inaccurate
Identify the correct matching of glucose transporter (GLUT) to its primary site of action.
What is the site of action of insulin secretagogues (e.g., sulfonylurea)
Which of these proposed mechanisms central to our understanding of the pathophysiologic basis of type two diabetes mellitus is incorrect?
Identify the correct matching of diabetes pharmacotherapy to its mechanism of action
How does sarcoidosis cause hypercalemia?
Which of the following statements regarding bone resorption is incorrect?
A patient presents to the clinic with a 5-year history of intermittent hypercalcemia. Biochemical workup was significant for hypercalcemia and elevated serum parathyroid hormone levels. The patient had a normal bone mineral density, normal vitamin D stores, normal renal function, and no evidence of renal stones. 24hour urine calcium was very low. What is the likely diagnosis?
A patient presents to the clinic with a history of hypocalcemia. Biochemical workup was significant for hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. The patient had a normal bone mineral density, normal vitamin D stores, normal renal function with no evidence of renal stones. Serum parathyroid hormone is low but detectable. His endocrinologist initiates calcium supplementation and notices more than a 50% decline in serum parathyroid hormone levels. What is the likely diagnosis of this patient?
What is the mechanism of action of ezetimibe?
Which of the following is not involved in the exogenous and endogenous lipoprotein pathways
Which of the following is not involved in reverse cholesterol transport
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the primary function of the pituitary gland?
The pituitary gland is the “master gland” of the endocrine system, controlling many vital processes.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Which two lobes make up the pituitary gland?
The pituitary gland is made of two active lobes that have different functions.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Which part of the pituitary gland does not produce hormones but releases them?
This part of the pituitary gland releases two hormones that are initially produced in the nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the name of the vascular system that connects the adenohypophysis to the hypothalamus?
This vascular system enables the passage of hypothalamic hormones to the hypophysis.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Which hormone stimulates the growth of almost all tissues of the body and is anabolic?
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
Insulin is produced by a different organ in the body.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
The respiratory system is responsible for breathing.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the largest organ in the human body?
The skin is an external organ that protects the body from external factors.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the function of the anterior pituitary gland?
The answer can be found in the text discussing the anterior pituitary gland's function.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the primary target of growth hormone?
The answer can be found in the section discussing physiological functions of growth hormone.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the main function of prolactin?
The answer can be found in the section discussing physiological functions of prolactin.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the name of the region between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland?
The intermediate lobe is a small region located between two larger lobes of the pituitary gland.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What are the five endocrine hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
The anterior pituitary gland secretes five endocrine hormones, which regulate various physiological functions in the body.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the physiological function of growth hormone?
Growth hormone is an anabolic hormone that regulates various physiological functions in the body, including growth, metabolism, and energy homeostasis.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the main function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
TSH regulates the thyroid gland's production of hormones that regulate metabolism.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the main function of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)?
ACTH stimulates the release of hormones that are involved in the body's stress response.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Where are the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) synthesized?
Oxytocin and ADH are both synthesized in the same area of the brain.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the most common cause of hyperprolactinemia?
A prolactinoma is a type of benign tumor that causes excess prolactin secretion.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the primary function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
TSH is produced in the anterior pituitary gland and is regulated by the hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the target cell of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)?
ACTH is produced in the anterior pituitary gland and is regulated by the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Which hormones are synthesized and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?
The posterior pituitary gland is neural in origin and is connected directly to the hypothalamus via a nerve tract.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the main stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin?
ADH is synthesized in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the primary function of TSH?
TSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the main stimulus for ADH release?
ADH regulates water reabsorption by the kidney.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland to stimulate milk ejection from the breast?
Oxytocin is synthesized by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the primary function of ACTH?
ACTH is synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the main cause of hyperprolactinemia?
Hyperprolactinemia leads to gonadal dysfunction.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Which structure physically and functionally connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?
This structure enables the passage of hypothalamic hormones to the pituitary gland.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the main function of the hypothalamohypophyseal tract?
This tract carries oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Which hormones are produced by acidophilic cells in the anterior pituitary gland?
These cells are further divided into somatotrophs and lactotrophs.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
This hormone is involved in childbirth and breastfeeding.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What type of feedback mechanism regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?
This mechanism involves the long loop and short loop feedback systems.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk production in the mammary glands?
This hormone is produced by lactotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Which of the following hormones is released in response to stress?
This hormone stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary gland.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Which hormone regulates water balance and blood pressure by acting on the kidneys?
This hormone is also known as vasopressin.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the primary target of luteinizing hormone (LH) in males?
LH stimulates these cells to produce testosterone.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Which of the following hormones promotes growth and cell reproduction?
This hormone is secreted by somatotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the origin of the term 'pituitary'?
The origin of the term is related to a Latin word.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Which two hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?
These two hormones are involved in childbirth and water balance in the body.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
What is the primary function of the growth hormone?
This hormone is involved in growth and development of various tissues.
Category: Basic Science Endocrinology
Which hormone is responsible for the stimulation of mammary glands to release milk?
This hormone is secreted by the prolactin cells of the anterior pituitary.
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