Diabetes and Pancreas Quiz

Diabetes and Pancreas Quiz

Physiology of the pancreas and related disorders (mainly diabetes)

Diabetes and Pancreas Quiz

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1. Question
Which hormone actively decreases the blood glucose concentration?
- A. Glucagon
- B. Growth hormone
- C. Insulin
- D. Vasopressin
Correct
Incorrect
This hormone is produced by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
2. Question
What are the four well-defined class-1 glucose transporters?
- A. GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT3, GLUT4
- B. GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT5, GLUT6
- C. GLUT1, GLUT3, GLUT4, GLUT5
- D. GLUT2, GLUT3, GLUT4, GLUT5
Correct
Incorrect
These transporters are found in various tissues and have different functions.
3. Question
Which glucose transporter is influenced by insulin?
- A. GLUT1
- B. GLUT2
- C. GLUT3
- D. GLUT4
Correct
Incorrect
This transporter is expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells and adipose tissue.
4. Question
Which cells are associated with the hormones glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide in the islets of Langerhans?
- A. Alpha, beta, delta, and gamma cells
- B. Alpha, beta, delta, and epsilon cells
- C. Alpha, beta, gamma, and zeta cells
- D. Beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon cells
Correct
Incorrect
These cells can be differentiated using immunostaining in the islets of Langerhans.
5. Question
What is the process called when glycogen is metabolized back to glucose?
- A. Glycolysis
- B. Gluconeogenesis
- C. Glycogenesis
- D. Glycogenolysis
Correct
Incorrect
This process takes place mainly in the liver and provides glucose to be released into circulation.
6. Question
Which hormone stimulates the relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, allowing the flow of digestive juices into the duodenum?
- A. Insulin
- B. Cholecystokinin
- C. Glucagon
- D. Somatostatin
Correct
Incorrect
This hormone is released in response to the presence of fat and protein in the stomach.
7. Question
What percentage of cells in the islets of Langerhans are β-cells?
- A. 5%
- B. 15%
- C. 80%
- D. 60%
Correct
Incorrect
These cells primarily produce insulin and are predominantly found in the core of the islets.
8. Question
What is the main function of glucose transporter GLUT1?
- A. Basal uptake of glucose
- B. Insulin-mediated glucose uptake
- C. Glucose uptake in neuronal membranes
- D. Glucose uptake in the liver and renal tubules
Correct
Incorrect
This transporter is found in all plasma cell membranes to some extent and is particularly important for glucose transport in erythrocytes and endothelial cells.
9. Question
Which organ provides the blood supply to both the body and the tail of the pancreas?
- A. Superior mesenteric artery
- B. Gastroduodenal artery
- C. Splenic artery
- D. Hepatic artery
Correct
Incorrect
This artery is a branch of the celiac trunk and supplies blood to the spleen, stomach, and pancreas.
10. Question
Which type of cell membrane transport mechanism is used by glucose transporters to move glucose across cell membranes?
- A. Active transport
- B. Passive diffusion
- C. Facilitated transport
- D. Endocytosis
Correct
Incorrect
This transport mechanism depends on the presence of a concentration gradient and does not require energy in the form of ATP directly.
11. Question
What is the primary stimulus for the synthesis and secretion of insulin?
- A. Increase in blood concentration of glucose
- B. Decrease in blood concentration of glucose
- C. Increase in blood concentration of calcium
- D. Decrease in blood concentration of calcium
Correct
Incorrect
12. Question
Which enzyme is responsible for the production of glucose-6-phosphate and functions as a glucose 'sensor'?
- A. Phosphofructokinase
- B. Pyruvate kinase
- C. Glucokinase
- D. Glucose-6-phosphatase
Correct
Incorrect
13. Question
Which GLUT transporter is insulin-dependent and responsible for glucose transport into skeletal and cardiac muscle and adipose tissue?
- A. GLUT1
- B. GLUT2
- C. GLUT3
- D. GLUT4
Correct
Incorrect
14. Question
What effect does insulin have on glycogenolysis?
- A. Stimulates glycogenolysis
- B. Inhibits glycogenolysis
- C. Has no effect on glycogenolysis
- D. Increases glycogen storage
Correct
Incorrect
15. Question
How does insulin affect gluconeogenesis?
- A. Stimulates gluconeogenesis
- B. Inhibits gluconeogenesis
- C. Has no effect on gluconeogenesis
- D. Increases glucose storage
Correct
Incorrect
16. Question
Which part of the insulin receptor belongs to the receptor tyrosine kinase family?
- A. Extracellular domain
- B. Transmembrane domain
- C. Intracellular domain
- D. All of the above
Correct
Incorrect
17. Question
What is the initial product of glucose entering the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans?
- A. Glucose-6-phosphate
- B. Glucokinase
- C. Pyruvate
- D. ATP
Correct
Incorrect
18. Question
How does insulin affect glycogenesis?
- A. Stimulates glycogenesis
- B. Inhibits glycogenesis
- C. Has no effect on glycogenesis
- D. Increases glucose storage
Correct
Incorrect
19. Question
What is the role of insulin receptor substrates (IRS) in insulin signaling?
- A. They act as glucose transporters
- B. They function as glucose sensors
- C. They mediate second messenger pathways
- D. They directly stimulate glycogen synthesis
Correct
Incorrect
20. Question
Which of the following is NOT an effect of insulin on blood glucose?
- A. Stimulates glucose transport into skeletal and cardiac muscle and adipose tissue
- B. Stimulates intracellular glycolysis
- C. Inhibits glycogenesis
- D. Inhibits gluconeogenesis
Correct
Incorrect
21. Question
In which cellular organelle is the insulin precursor molecule cleaved to form the insulin molecule and the C-peptide?
- A. Mitochondria
- B. Endoplasmic reticulum
- C. Golgi complex
- D. Nucleus
Correct
Incorrect
22. Question
Which enzyme is involved in stimulating the production of glucose-6-phosphate in β-cells and is believed to function as a glucose sensor?
- A. Glucokinase
- B. Phosphofructokinase
- C. Pyruvate kinase
- D. Hexokinase
Correct
Incorrect
23. Question
How is insulin release regulated in response to a maintained stimulus in β-cells?
- A. Uniphasic pattern
- B. Biphasic pattern
- C. Continuous release
- D. No release
Correct
Incorrect
24. Question
What type of glucose transporter is primarily responsible for glucose entry into skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers and adipocytes in response to insulin?
- A. GLUT1
- B. GLUT2
- C. GLUT3
- D. GLUT4
Correct
Incorrect
25. Question
Which process is inhibited by insulin in the liver to maintain blood glucose levels?
- A. Glycolysis
- B. Glycogenesis
- C. Glycogenolysis
- D. Gluconeogenesis
Correct
Incorrect
26. Question
Which hormone is described as an anabolic hormone due to its role in promoting protein synthesis?
- A. Glucagon
- B. Insulin
- C. Cortisol
- D. Growth hormone
Correct
Incorrect
27. Question
Which metabolic process is stimulated by insulin in adipose tissue to store glucose?
- A. Lipolysis
- B. Lipogenesis
- C. Glycolysis
- D. Glycogenesis
Correct
Incorrect
28. Question
Which process does insulin inhibit in order to decrease the formation of ketone bodies?
- A. Lipolysis
- B. Lipogenesis
- C. Glycolysis
- D. Glycogenesis
Correct
Incorrect
29. Question
Which gastrointestinal hormones are known to stimulate insulin production and β-cell mass?
- A. Gastrin and cholecystokinin
- B. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide
- C. Gastrin and glucagon-like peptide-1
- D. Cholecystokinin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide
Correct
Incorrect
30. Question
What is the principal stimulus for insulin release?
- A. Blood glucose concentration
- B. Blood amino acid concentration
- C. Blood fatty acid concentration
- D. Blood insulin concentration
Correct
Incorrect
31. Question
Which amino acid transporter, stimulated by insulin, is responsible for the transport of arginine?
- A. CAT1 (Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 1)
- B. GLUT4
- C. SGLT1
- D. LAT1
Correct
Incorrect
32. Question
What is the role of insulin in maintaining intracellular potassium concentration?
- A. Insulin promotes potassium movement into cells
- B. Insulin promotes potassium movement out of cells
- C. Insulin has no effect on intracellular potassium concentration
- D. Insulin stimulates potassium excretion in urine
Correct
Incorrect
33. Question
In the glucose tolerance test, what is the expected response to a standard quantity of glucose taken orally?
- A. Blood glucose levels remain elevated after 2 hours
- B. Blood glucose levels return to normal within 2 hours
- C. Blood glucose levels continue to decrease for several hours
- D. Blood glucose levels do not change
Correct
Incorrect
34. Question
Which amino acids directly stimulate insulin release?
- A. Glycine, alanine, and arginine
- B. Leucine, isoleucine, and valine
- C. Glutamate, aspartate, and histidine
- D. Serine, threonine, and asparagine
Correct
Incorrect
35. Question
Which part of the brain is associated with the regulation of eating and satiety and contains insulin receptors?
- A. Thalamus
- B. Hippocampus
- C. Amygdala
- D. Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
Correct
Incorrect
36. Question
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on insulin secretion?
- A. Increases insulin secretion
- B. Decreases insulin secretion
- C. Has no effect on insulin secretion
- D. Stimulates glucagon secretion instead
Correct
Incorrect
37. Question
What is the effect of glucagon on insulin release?
- A. Stimulatory
- B. Inhibitory
- C. No effect
- D. Variable depending on blood glucose levels
Correct
Incorrect
38. Question
What is the primary target tissue for glucagon action?
- A. Muscle
- B. Adipose tissue
- C. Liver
- D. Kidney
Correct
Incorrect
39. Question
Which hormone, produced by insulin-sensitive adipocytes, stimulates the release of GLP1 from pancreatic α-cells and intestinal L-cells?
- A. Leptin
- B. Adiponectin
- C. Interleukin-6 (IL6)
- D. Resistin
Correct
Incorrect
40. Question
What is the role of somatostatin in the pancreatic islets?
- A. Stimulates insulin production
- B. Stimulates glucagon production
- C. Inhibits insulin and glucagon production
- D. Has no effect on insulin and glucagon production
Correct
Incorrect
41. Question
What stimulates the release of glucagon from α-cells in the islets of Langerhans?
- A. An increase in blood glucose levels
- B. A decrease in blood glucose levels
- C. An increase in insulin secretion
- D. A decrease in insulin secretion
Correct
Incorrect
42. Question
What is the effect of somatostatin on insulin and glucagon release from the pancreatic islets?
- A. Stimulates insulin and glucagon release
- B. Inhibits insulin and glucagon release
- C. Stimulates insulin release and inhibits glucagon release
- D. Inhibits insulin release and stimulates glucagon release
Correct
Incorrect
43. Question
Which hormone, synthesized by the γ-cells, is a member of a family of hormones that includes neuropeptide Y and polypeptide YY?
- A. Somatostatin
- B. Insulin
- C. Glucagon
- D. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
Correct
Incorrect
44. Question
Which of the following is a primary action of glucagon?
- A. Stimulating glucose uptake into cells
- B. Stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
- C. Stimulating glucose production in adipose tissue
- D. Inhibiting glucose production in the liver
Correct
Incorrect
45. Question
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system in the context of metabolism regulation?
- A. Direct control over glucose production in the liver
- B. Direct regulation of gastrointestinal hormone release
- C. Indirect control over insulin and glucagon release
- D. Indirect control over glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue
Correct
Incorrect
46. Question
What is the effect of interleukin-6 (IL6) on GLP1 production and insulin release?
- A. IL6 inhibits GLP1 production and decreases insulin release
- B. IL6 stimulates GLP1 production and increases insulin release
- C. IL6 inhibits GLP1 production and increases insulin release
- D. IL6 stimulates GLP1 production and decreases insulin release
Correct
Incorrect
47. Question
Which of the following statements about the δ-cells in the islets of Langerhans is correct?
- A. They synthesize insulin.
- B. They synthesize glucagon.
- C. They synthesize somatostatin.
- D. They synthesize pancreatic polypeptide.
Correct
Incorrect
48. Question
What is the main target tissue of glucagon and its primary function in that tissue?
- A. Muscle cells – stimulating glucose uptake
- B. Adipose tissue – stimulating triglyceride breakdown
- C. Liver cells – stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
- D. Pancreatic cells – stimulating insulin release
Correct
Incorrect
49. Question
What is the primary cause of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
- A. Autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans
- B. Insulin resistance in the responsive tissues
- C. Excessive glucagon production
- D. Excessive growth hormone production
Correct
Incorrect
50. Question
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
- A. Polyuria
- B. Polydipsia
- C. Ketoacidosis
- D. Increased sensitivity to insulin
Correct
Incorrect
51. Question
What is the main cause of Type 2 diabetes mellitus?
- A. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
- B. Insulin resistance combined with insufficient insulin secretion
- C. Excessive glucagon production
- D. Excessive growth hormone production
Correct
Incorrect
52. Question
What is the most common presenting symptom of diabetes mellitus?
- A. Increased excretion of large volumes of urine
- B. Awareness of thirst
- C. Rapid weight loss
- D. Confusion and breathlessness
Correct
Incorrect
53. Question
What is the primary treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
- A. Oral glucose intake
- B. Rehydration and insulin replacement
- C. Administration of glucagon
- D. Administration of growth hormone
Correct
Incorrect
54. Question
What is the primary treatment for type 1 diabetes?
- A. Weight reduction and improved diet
- B. Metformin
- C. Subcutaneous insulin injection
- D. Sulphonylureas
Correct
Incorrect
Treatment for type 1 diabetes involves injecting a hormone.
55. Question
What is the initial approach to treating type 2 diabetes?
- A. Insulin injections
- B. Weight reduction, improved diet, and exercise
- C. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues
- D. Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitors
Correct
Incorrect
Treatment for type 2 diabetes starts with lifestyle changes.
56. Question
What happens when blood glucose falls between 2 and 4 mM in diabetic patients?
- A. Unconsciousness
- B. Symptoms of sympathetic overactivity
- C. Neuropathy
- D. Retinopathy
Correct
Incorrect
Low blood glucose levels can cause symptoms related to the nervous system.
57. Question
Which long-term complication of diabetes affects the kidneys, retina, and nerves?
- A. Macrovascular complications
- B. Glycation of endothelial proteins
- C. Microvascular complications
- D. Mononeuritis multiplex
Correct
Incorrect
This long-term complication involves small blood vessels.
58. Question
What is the purpose of regular retinal screening in diabetic patients?
- A. To monitor blood glucose levels
- B. To detect the presence of neuropathy
- C. To check for signs of nephropathy
- D. To identify diabetic retinopathy
Correct
Incorrect
This screening is related to the eyes and aims to detect a specific complication.
59. Question
What are the two main hormones produced by the pancreas?
- A. Cortisol and aldosterone
- B. Insulin and glucagon
- C. Thyroxine and calcitonin
- D. Oxytocin and vasopressin
Correct
Incorrect
These hormones play a significant role in regulating blood glucose levels.
60. Question
Which cells in the pancreas produce insulin?
- A. Alpha cells
- B. Beta cells
- C. Delta cells
- D. Gamma cells
Correct
Incorrect
These cells are found in the islets of Langerhans.
61. Question
Which hormone released by the pancreas raises blood glucose levels?
- A. Insulin
- B. Glucagon
- C. Cortisol
- D. Epinephrine
Correct
Incorrect
This hormone is the counterpart to insulin.
62. Question
What is the primary function of insulin?
- A. To stimulate the breakdown of glycogen
- B. To raise blood glucose levels
- C. To promote the uptake of glucose into cells
- D. To stimulate the production of glucose in the liver
Correct
Incorrect
This hormone helps lower blood glucose levels.
63. Question
Which cells in the pancreas produce glucagon?
- A. Alpha cells
- B. Beta cells
- C. Delta cells
- D. Gamma cells
Correct
Incorrect
These cells are also found in the islets of Langerhans.
64. Question
What is the primary target organ of insulin and glucagon?
- A. Kidney
- B. Liver
- C. Heart
- D. Lungs
Correct
Incorrect
This organ plays a crucial role in glucose metabolism.
65. Question
Which hormone inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon in the pancreas?
- A. Somatostatin
- B. Growth hormone
- C. Cortisol
- D. Adrenaline
Correct
Incorrect
This hormone is also produced in the pancreas, specifically by delta cells.
66. Question
What is the primary function of glucagon?
- A. To stimulate the breakdown of glycogen
- B. To promote the uptake of glucose into cells
- C. To raise blood glucose levels
- D. To stimulate the production of glucose in the liver
Correct
Incorrect
This hormone works in opposition to insulin.
67. Question
Which type of diabetes is characterized by the pancreas not producing enough insulin?
- A. Type 1 diabetes
- B. Type 2 diabetes
- C. Gestational diabetes
- D. Diabetes insipidus
Correct
Incorrect
This type of diabetes is often diagnosed in children and young adults.
68. Question
In type 2 diabetes, what is the primary issue related to insulin?
- A. Insufficient production
- B. Insulin resistance
- C. Insulin degradation
- D. Insulin overproduction
Correct
Incorrect
This type of diabetes is often associated with obesity and a sedentary lifestyle.
69. Question
Which part of the pancreas is responsible for the production of digestive enzymes?
- A. Islets of Langerhans
- B. Acini
- C. Alpha cells
- D. Beta cells
Correct
Incorrect

1 Comment

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kutanius84 August 10, 2024 at 5:06 am

thank you

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