Dynamic Tests in Endocrinology Quiz

A 35-year-old female presents with polyuria and polydipsia. She is currently 20 weeks pregnant. Which form of Diabetes Insipidus is most likely to be the cause of her symptoms?

Which of the following medications is known to cause Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus?

A 24-year-old male presents with polyuria and polydipsia. Lab results reveal hypokalemia and hypercalcemia. Which form of Diabetes Insipidus is most likely?

Which disorder is NOT considered a true Diabetes Insipidus state but can manifest with symptoms of DI?

A 50-year-old man presents with polyuria and polydipsia. He also complains of fatigue, erectile dysfunction, and weight changes. What is the most likely cause of his diabetes insipidus?

A patient with diabetes insipidus presents with dehydration and signs of intracranial bleeding. What could be the likely cause of this clinical presentation?

A 35-year-old woman is suspected to have diabetes insipidus. She presents with polyuria and polydipsia, and laboratory investigations reveal a urine osmolality of 310 mOsm/Kg and plasma osmolality of 278 mOsm/Kg. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Which of the following tests can potentially differentiate between central diabetes insipidus and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Based on the water deprivation test, which of the following statements best describes the response in a patient with complete central diabetes insipidus?

Which of the following statements is true regarding the desmopressin phase of the water deprivation test?

In a patient with primary polydipsia, which of the following would be expected during the water deprivation test?

A 34-year-old woman presents with polyuria and polydipsia. She undergoes a water deprivation test, but the results are inconclusive. Which of the following scenarios could be the reason for this?

What effect does chronic primary polydipsia have on the renal medullary osmotic gradient and aquaporin-2 channels?

In the water deprivation test, which of the following criteria would prompt discontinuation of the dehydration phase?

Which of the following statements about the water deprivation test is true?

A 45-year-old male presents with polyuria and polydipsia. Which of the following tests can help differentiate between nephrogenic DI and central DI with 100% sensitivity and specificity without prior water deprivation?

Which of the following is a limitation of measuring plasma AVP levels?

Which of the following factors contributes to the wide fluctuations in measured plasma AVP levels?

What is the advantage of measuring plasma copeptin levels over plasma AVP levels in diagnosing polyuria-polydipsia syndromes?

A 35-year-old female presents with polyuria and polydipsia. You decide to perform a hypertonic saline infusion test to differentiate between central diabetes insipidus (DI), nephrogenic DI, and primary polydipsia. What is the initial protocol for the hypertonic saline infusion test?

In the hypertonic saline infusion test, a plasma copeptin level of less than 4.9 pmol/L after hypertonic saline infusion indicates which condition?

What is a major advantage of the hypertonic saline infusion test compared to the water deprivation test in diagnosing DI?

A 30-year-old female presents with polyuria and polydipsia. She is currently taking lithium for bipolar disorder. What is the most likely cause of her polyuria-polydipsia syndrome?

A 5-year-old boy presents with a history of polyuria and polydipsia since infancy. His mother reports that he was diagnosed with septo-optic dysplasia as a newborn. What is the most likely cause of his polyuria-polydipsia syndrome?

A 25-year-old male presents with polyuria and polydipsia. He has no significant past medical history, but his mother mentions that he has always been a compulsive water drinker. His lab results show low urine osmolality and normal serum sodium levels. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 32-year-old pregnant woman presents with polyuria and polydipsia. Her lab results show low urine osmolality and normal serum sodium levels. What is the most likely cause of her polyuria-polydipsia syndrome?

What factors play an important role in modulating day-to-day growth hormone (GH) secretion?

In which patient populations is the insulin tolerance test (ITT) contraindicated for assessing adult growth hormone deficiency (GHD)?

Which test has grown in popularity as the test of choice for diagnosing adult GHD when the ITT cannot be performed or is contraindicated?

What is the recently and only approved diagnostic test for adult GHD by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency?

A 45-year-old male with a history of pituitary tumor resection presents with increased fatigue, decreased muscle strength, and weight gain. Which of the following tests would be the gold-standard for assessing adult growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in this patient?

A 55-year-old female with a BMI of 35 kg/m2 and a history of type 2 diabetes is being evaluated for adult GHD. Which cut-point for the glucagon stimulation test (GST) should be considered to improve diagnostic accuracy in this patient?

A 38-year-old male with a history of traumatic brain injury presents with decreased muscle strength and exercise capacity. Which of the following factors should be considered when interpreting the results of growth hormone stimulation tests?

A 50-year-old female with a history of pituitary macroadenoma and previous radiation therapy presents with increased fat mass, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. Which of the following conditions should be excluded before performing a GH stimulation test to diagnose adult GHD?

A 34-year-old male with a history of traumatic brain injury is being evaluated for adult GHD. He undergoes an ITT and achieves blood glucose levels of 45 mg/dL. Which of the following statements is true regarding the interpretation of the ITT results in this patient?

A 58-year-old male with a history of coronary artery disease requires an evaluation for adult GHD. Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of ITT in this patient?

A 42-year-old female with a BMI of 32 kg/m2 and insulin resistance is scheduled for an ITT. Which insulin dose should be administered to achieve adequate hypoglycemia for diagnosing adult GHD in this patient?

What is the optimal GH cut-point for the Glucagon Stimulation Test in overweight patients with a low pre-test probability and in obese patients?

Which of the following side effects is NOT commonly associated with the Glucagon Stimulation Test?

How do peak GH levels in the Glucagon Stimulation Test correlate with age and BMI in healthy controls, according to Gomez et al.?

Which of the following precautions should be taken for patients undergoing the Glucagon Stimulation Test?

Which of the following factors does NOT affect peak GH levels during the Glucagon Stimulation Test, as demonstrated by Conceicao et al.?

Which of the following is an advantage of the Glucagon Stimulation Test?

In the study by Berg et al., what was the optimal peak GH cut-point for the Glucagon Stimulation Test?

What is the recommended procedure for patients with severe fasting hyperglycemia > 180 mg/dL regarding the Glucagon Stimulation Test?

A 65-year-old patient with a history of a sellar mass and 2 other pituitary hormone deficiencies is being evaluated for adult growth hormone deficiency. Which of the following diagnostic tests would be most appropriate for this patient?

Which of the following medications should be discontinued with a sufficient washout period before performing the Macimorelin Test, provided it is considered safe by the prescribing physician?

A 30-year-old patient with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus is being evaluated for adult growth hormone deficiency. According to the Macimorelin Test protocol, which of the following statements is true?

A 45-year-old man presents with symptoms of acromegaly. Laboratory tests reveal elevated GH and IGF-1 levels. His prolactin levels are also found to be high. Which type of pituitary tumor is the most likely cause of his condition?

A 60-year-old woman with acromegaly undergoes pituitary tumor resection. The histology report reveals the tumor to be densely granulated, slow-growing, and responsive to SSA therapy. Which genetic mutation is most commonly associated with this type of tumor?

A patient presents with acromegaly due to a pituitary tumor. The tumor is characterized by increased presence of keratin aggregates, reduced GH-containing granules, and aggressive behavior. Which type of pituitary tumor is this most likely to be?

A 30-year-old pregnant woman in her second trimester presents with signs of hypothyroidism. Which of the following tests would be most appropriate for assessing her thyroid status?

Which of the following conditions is associated with abnormalities in thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) that distort the relationship between total and free thyroid hormones?

In a patient with Graves' disease, which of the following test ratios can be used to differentiate it from other causes of hyperthyroidism?

A 45-year-old male with a history of type 2 diabetes presents with fatigue, loss of libido, and mood swings. His testosterone level was tested at 2:00 PM, and the result was 220 ng/dL. Which of the following statements about this case is true?

What can be used to evaluate boys with delayed puberty and indicate that puberty has begun?

Which of the following factors can cause the diurnal testosterone rhythm to be blunted?

A 30-year-old male is being evaluated for hypogonadism. His testosterone level is 270 ng/dL. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the diagnostic process?

A 53-year-old obese man with type 2 diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome presents with symptoms consistent with hypogonadism. His total testosterone levels are borderline low. Which of the following tests would be more closely aligned with the symptoms and signs of adult hypogonadism in this patient?

In older men, why might the total testosterone level be within the normal range while free testosterones decline more dramatically?

Which method is the benchmark reference method for measuring free testosterone?

Why is the direct free testosterone assay often misleading and not recommended?

In a 40-year-old male with gynecomastia, which of the following assays is most reliable for measuring estradiol levels?

A 32-year-old male presents with ambiguous genitalia. Which of the following tests would be most useful to diagnose 5α-reductase deficiency type 2?

In men with suspected gonadotroph adenoma, which of the following hormone levels are typically elevated?

Which hormone levels are often selectively increased in men with non-functioning Sertoli cells?

In prepubertal boys with ambiguous genitalia and a 46,XY karyotype, hCG stimulation test can be useful for evaluating which conditions?

Which type of medication can be used to increase plasma LH and FSH levels by blocking estradiol negative feedback in men?

In adult men with primary testicular failure, how does hCG affect serum testosterone levels?

What is the most common genetic abnormality found in men with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA)?

A 52-year-old man presents with a blood pressure (BP) of 150/100 mmHg on each of three measurements obtained on different days, despite adherence to treatment with full doses of at least 3 antihypertensive medications, including a diuretic. Which type of hypertension is most likely present in this patient?

A 38-year-old African American woman with a family history of early-onset hypertension presents with hypertension and hypokalemia. Which secondary form of hypertension should be considered in this patient?

A 46-year-old patient with a history of obstructive sleep apnea presents with hypertension that remains uncontrolled despite the use of four antihypertensive medications, including a diuretic. What type of hypertension is most likely present in this patient?

A 55-year-old patient presents with hypertension, spontaneous hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis. Which secondary form of hypertension is most likely present in this patient?

A 60-year-old patient presents with hypertension and has an asymptomatic adrenal mass detected on imaging not performed for suspected adrenal disease. Which secondary form of hypertension should be considered in this patient?

A 35-year-old patient with a history of neurofibromatosis type 1 presents with hypertension. Which secondary form of hypertension is most likely present in this patient?

A 45-year-old patient with a history of worsening glycemic control and spinal osteoporosis presents with hypertension. Which secondary form of hypertension is most likely present in this patient?

A 65-year-old male patient with a history of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease presents with sudden onset of severe hypertension (≥160/100 mm Hg) and abdominal bruit. Which secondary form of hypertension is most likely present in this patient?

A 30-year-old female patient presents with severe hypertension, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis. Which genetic condition should be considered in this patient?

A 20-year-old phenotypic female patient presents with hypertension, hypokalemia, and absence of secondary sexual characteristics. Which genetic condition should be considered in this patient?

A 40-year-old patient presents with headache, palpitations, sweating, pallor, and paroxysmal hypertension. Which secondary form of hypertension is most likely present in this patient?

A 64-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension, coronary artery disease, and diffuse atherosclerosis presents with refractory hypertension despite being on multiple antihypertensive agents. Which of the following findings would raise the suspicion of renovascular hypertension (RVH) in this patient?

Which diagnostic test is considered the gold standard for confirming the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis (RAS)?

Which of the following non-invasive tests for diagnosing renovascular hypertension (RVH) is the most sensitive for imaging proximal renal arteries but suboptimal for significant distal lesions, accessory renal arteries, and fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD)?

A 72-year-old female patient with a history of obesity and recurrent episodes of flash pulmonary edema is suspected to have renovascular hypertension. Which of the following tests for diagnosing RVH may be less sensitive due to the patient's obesity?

Which of the following patient profiles is most suggestive of renal vascular hypertension (RVH)?

Which diagnostic test has the highest sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing renal artery stenosis (RAS)?

In which of the following patient populations is the use of gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) contraindicated?

Which of the following clinical presentations is most likely to be associated with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) rather than fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD)?

Which of the following diagnostic tests for renal artery stenosis is most likely to have results that are operator dependent?

In a patient with renal vascular hypertension, which of the following findings would likely be observed after administration of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) or an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)?

A 45-year-old woman presents with a round face, facial plethora, proximal myopathy, and purple striae. She also has a history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Which test would be the most appropriate initial screening test for her suspected condition?

A 52-year-old man with an adrenal incidentaloma undergoes a 1-mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (ODST). His morning cortisol level is 4.5 mcg/dL. What is the most likely interpretation of this test result?

A 30-year-old woman with suspected Cushing syndrome has two urine free cortisol (UFC) tests with results above the upper limit of normal. Which condition could lead to a false-positive UFC result?