Parathyroid Hormone Physiology MCQs
Parathyroid Hormone Physiology MCQs
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- 67
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- Question 1 of 67
1. Question
What is the primary form in which calcium is stored in the bone?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the calcium phosphate salt that gives the bone rigidity and strength.
- Question 2 of 67
2. Question
What is the main role of calcium ions in the blood?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Consider the effect of calcium ions on sodium channels in cell membranes.
- Question 3 of 67
3. Question
In which intracellular compartments is calcium stored?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for compartments related to energy production and protein synthesis.
- Question 4 of 67
4. Question
Which proteins do calcium ions bind to in skeletal and smooth muscles, respectively?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for proteins involved in muscle contraction regulation.
- Question 5 of 67
5. Question
What can result from hypocalcemia in terms of neuromuscular function?
CorrectIncorrect - Question 6 of 67
6. Question
What is the approximate concentration of free calcium ions in the blood?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the concentration of biologically active calcium ions in the blood.
- Question 7 of 67
7. Question
Which type of transport mechanism is involved in the movement of calcium ions against their concentration gradient?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Consider the type of transport that requires energy expenditure to move ions against their concentration gradient.
- Question 8 of 67
8. Question
What is the function of calcium ions as second messengers in cells?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the role of calcium ions in enzyme activation.
- Question 9 of 67
9. Question
Where is calcium mainly absorbed in the body?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the part of the gastrointestinal tract where calcium absorption predominantly occurs.
- Question 10 of 67
10. Question
Which hormones regulate calcium and phosphate ion concentrations in the blood?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for hormones related to calcium and vitamin D metabolism.
- Question 11 of 67
11. Question
Which cells in the parathyroid glands produce parathormone?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the cell type responsible for the production of parathormone in the parathyroid glands.
- Question 12 of 67
12. Question
What are the two main types of cells in the parathyroid glands?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the cell types specific to the parathyroid glands.
- Question 13 of 67
13. Question
In which section of the nephron is the tubular calcium regulated?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the part of the nephron involved in the regulation of tubular calcium.
- Question 14 of 67
14. Question
Which type of transport is responsible for calcium absorption when calcium content in the small intestine is high?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the transport method that becomes more important with high calcium content in the small intestine.
- Question 15 of 67
15. Question
From which embryonic origin are the parathyroid glands derived?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the embryonic origin related to the development of the parathyroid glands.
- Question 16 of 67
16. Question
What type of nerve supply does the parathyroid glands mainly receive?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the type of nerve fibers associated with the parathyroid glands.
- Question 17 of 67
17. Question
What are the main sources of dietary calcium?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the food groups that are particularly rich in calcium.
- Question 18 of 67
18. Question
Which hormone is responsible for hypercalcemia in patients with certain tumors?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the hormone related to hypercalcemia in tumor patients.
- Question 19 of 67
19. Question
Which type of bone cell is derived from mesenchymal stem cells in bone marrow?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the bone cell type involved in the synthesis of osteoid.
- Question 20 of 67
20. Question
What is the primary function of parathormone (PTH)?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the primary function related to ion concentrations in the blood.
- Question 21 of 67
21. Question
Which molecule decreases RANKL binding to its RANK receptor, reducing osteoclast formation and activation?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the molecule that reduces osteoclast formation and activation.
- Question 22 of 67
22. Question
What type of receptors does parathormone bind to?
CorrectIncorrect - Question 23 of 67
23. Question
How does parathormone (PTH) stimulate osteoclast activity?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the indirect way PTH stimulates osteoclast activity.
- Question 24 of 67
24. Question
What is the effect of PTH on calcium and phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the effects of PTH on calcium and phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys.
- Question 25 of 67
25. Question
Which hormone synthesis does PTH stimulate in the cells of the proximal tubules in the kidneys?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the hormone synthesis that PTH stimulates in the kidneys.
- Question 26 of 67
26. Question
How does PTH indirectly influence calcium and phosphate absorption in the small intestine?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the indirect action of PTH on calcium and phosphate absorption in the small intestine.
- Question 27 of 67
27. Question
What is the main stimulus for parathormone (PTH) release from the chief cells of the parathyroid glands?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the factor that triggers PTH release.
- Question 28 of 67
28. Question
Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25 OH-D3) in the liver?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the enzyme responsible for the first hydroxylation step in the liver.
- Question 29 of 67
29. Question
What is the primary bioactive steroid derivative of vitamin D3?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Look for the most biologically active form of vitamin D3.
- Question 30 of 67
30. Question
Which of the following tissues is NOT principally involved in calcium metabolism?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Think about the tissues where calcium is absorbed, stored, or regulated.
- Question 31 of 67
31. Question
Calcitriol stimulates calcium absorption in the small intestine through which of the following mechanisms?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Calcitriol stimulates multiple mechanisms of calcium absorption.
- Question 32 of 67
32. Question
Which protein has a higher affinity for calcium ions than the brush border proteins involved in the initial transfer process?
CorrectIncorrectHint
This protein is involved in the transport of calcium ions from the luminal brush border to the serosal membranes.
- Question 33 of 67
33. Question
Calcitriol inhibits phosphate reabsorption indirectly in the kidneys by stimulating the synthesis of which hormone?
CorrectIncorrectHint
This hormone has a profound inhibitory control on phosphate metabolism.
- Question 34 of 67
34. Question
What is the direct negative feedback mechanism between renal calcitriol production and its main stimulus, PTH?
CorrectIncorrect - Question 35 of 67
35. Question
Which section of the small intestine is primarily involved in calcium transport?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Calcium transport occurs mainly in the upper sections of the small intestine.
- Question 36 of 67
36. Question
In the kidneys, calcitriol stimulates the reabsorption of calcium in which part of the nephron?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Think about where calbindin protein synthesis is stimulated.
- Question 37 of 67
37. Question
What is the main stimulus for calcitonin synthesis and release?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Think about what triggers the release of calcitonin from the parafollicular cells.
- Question 38 of 67
38. Question
Where is calcitonin mainly metabolized in the body?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Consider the primary organs responsible for metabolizing hormones.
- Question 39 of 67
39. Question
Which type of receptor does calcitonin bind to in target cell membranes?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Think about the type of receptor specific to calcitonin.
- Question 40 of 67
40. Question
In the kidneys, calcitonin primarily affects which part of the nephron?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Consider where calcitonin receptors are mainly located in the kidneys.
- Question 41 of 67
41. Question
What is the main stimulus for calcitonin synthesis and release?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Think about what triggers the release of calcitonin from the parafollicular cells.
- Question 42 of 67
42. Question
Where is calcitonin mainly metabolized in the body?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Consider the primary organs responsible for metabolizing hormones.
- Question 43 of 67
43. Question
Which type of receptor does calcitonin bind to in target cell membranes?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Think about the type of receptor specific to calcitonin.
- Question 44 of 67
44. Question
In the kidneys, calcitonin primarily affects which part of the nephron?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Consider where calcitonin receptors are mainly located in the kidneys.
- Question 45 of 67
45. Question
What is the primary hormone responsible for maintaining the circulating phosphate concentration?
CorrectIncorrectHint
This hormone stimulates intestinal phosphate absorption.
- Question 46 of 67
46. Question
Which hormone plays a role in regulating phosphate levels and is produced in osteocytes?
CorrectIncorrectHint
This hormone is produced in osteocytes and was originally called phosphatonin.
- Question 47 of 67
47. Question
How does fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) affect phosphate uptake and loss in the body?
CorrectIncorrectHint
This hormone impairs sodium-phosphate co-transport in enterocytes and proximal tubular cells.
- Question 48 of 67
48. Question
Which hormone is responsible for maintaining the circulating phosphate concentration?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Calcitriol indirectly restores phosphate levels.
- Question 49 of 67
49. Question
What is the role of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) in phosphate regulation?
CorrectIncorrectHint
FGF-23 impairs sodium-phosphate co-transport.
- Question 50 of 67
50. Question
Where does the transcription of FGF-23 occur?
CorrectIncorrectHint
FGF-23 is transcribed in cells derived from osteoblasts.
- Question 51 of 67
51. Question
Which hormone directly inhibits renal phosphate reabsorption?
CorrectIncorrectHint
This hormone increases phosphate loss from the body through its renal effect.
- Question 52 of 67
52. Question
What stimulates the production of FGF-23?
CorrectIncorrectHint
FGF-23 production is influenced by phosphate levels and calcitriol.
- Question 53 of 67
53. Question
What is the most common presentation of MEN2?
CorrectIncorrectHint
MEN2 is associated with a specific type of thyroid cancer.
- Question 54 of 67
54. Question
How can primary hyperparathyroidism be confirmed in a patient with hypercalcaemia?
CorrectIncorrectHint
PTH levels are measured in the context of hypercalcaemia.
- Question 55 of 67
55. Question
How is familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH) excluded as a cause of hypercalcaemia?
CorrectIncorrectHint
A specific ratio measurement is used to exclude FHH.
- Question 56 of 67
56. Question
What is the mainstay of treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Treatment involves the removal of affected glands.
- Question 57 of 67
57. Question
What is the preferred approach for patients with MEN1 in managing primary hyperparathyroidism?
CorrectIncorrectHint
The approach for MEN1 patients minimizes the risk of recurrence.
- Question 58 of 67
58. Question
Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood calcium levels?
CorrectIncorrectHint
This hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands.
- Question 59 of 67
59. Question
What is the primary role of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Calcitonin has an opposite effect on blood calcium levels compared to PTH.
- Question 60 of 67
60. Question
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
CorrectIncorrectHint
The parathyroid glands are in close proximity to the thyroid gland.
- Question 61 of 67
61. Question
What is the primary target of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase blood calcium levels?
CorrectIncorrectHint
PTH affects the cells responsible for bone resorption.
- Question 62 of 67
62. Question
Which factor stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
CorrectIncorrectHint
PTH release is triggered when blood calcium levels fall below a certain threshold.
- Question 63 of 67
63. Question
What is the commonest cause of hypoparathyroidism?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Think about surgical procedures involving the thyroid gland.
- Question 64 of 67
64. Question
In sarcoidosis, how is hypercalcemia managed?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Consider the effect of steroids on giant cell expression of 1α hydroxylase.
- Question 65 of 67
65. Question
Which population is at a higher risk for vitamin D deficiency?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Consider how sunlight exposure and skin color might influence vitamin D production.
- Question 66 of 67
66. Question
What is the primary cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism and osteomalacia?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Think about the role of vitamin D in bone health.
- Question 67 of 67
67. Question
How should hypoparathyroidism be managed?
CorrectIncorrectHint
Consider the essential components needed to regulate calcium levels in the absence of PTH.
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