Landmark Diabetes and Endocrinology Trials

Intensive vs conventional insulin therapy in T1D; established microvascular benefit.

Metformin and sulfonylurea vs conventional in newly-diagnosed T2D; legacy effect.

Intensive glucose lowering in high-CV-risk T2D; excess mortality signal.

Glucose control + BP lowering in T2D; renal benefit.

Intensive vs standard glycaemia in older T2D veterans; long-term follow-up.

Empagliflozin cut CV mortality in T2D with established CVD.

Liraglutide reduced 3-point MACE in T2D at high CV risk.

Canagliflozin — CV benefit with amputation signal.

Dapagliflozin — HF hospitalisation and renal benefit.

Canagliflozin in diabetic kidney disease; primary renal outcome benefit.

Dapagliflozin in CKD ± T2D; renal + mortality benefit.

Tirzepatide and semaglutide programmes; unprecedented weight and A1c reductions.

Semaglutide MACE reduction in overweight/obesity without diabetes.

Low-risk DTC: no adjuvant iodine non-inferior to iodine ablation.

Iodine ablation vs no ablation in low-risk DTC — non-inferior at 5 years.

Long-term antithyroid drug therapy vs radioiodine.

Subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy — no cognitive benefit from levothyroxine.

Established bisphosphonate fracture reduction.

Zoledronic acid — vertebral and hip fracture reduction.

Denosumab — 10-year fracture and bone density data.

Romosozumab then alendronate vs alendronate alone; superior fracture reduction.

Vitamin D supplementation — no cancer or CV benefit at 2000 IU/d.

Modified-release hydrocortisone in adrenal insufficiency.

Osilodrostat in Cushing disease — sustained cortisol control.

HRT and CV / cancer outcomes; redefined menopausal HRT prescribing.

Timing hypothesis of oestrogen and atherosclerosis progression.

Statin benefit in high-risk primary and secondary prevention.

Ezetimibe added to statin reduced CV events.

Evolocumab (PCSK9i) — MACE reduction on top of statin.

Icosapent ethyl — CV benefit in high-TG statin-treated patients.