Board review
Acromegaly: Diagnosis and Treatment
I. Overview of acromegaly Acromegaly is caused by tumors of somatotrophs that secrete excessive growth hormone (GH). In children, this results in gigantism, where they grow faster than…
Category: Board review
Board review
Cushing’s Disease : Treatment and Diagnosis
I. Overview Of Cushing’s Disease Cushing’s disease is caused by a pituitary tumor that produces excessive, uncontrolled amounts of ACTH, leading to a rise in cortisol levels. This…
Board review
Endocrine Effects of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Introduction Immune checkpoint inhibitors enhance the immune system’s ability to recognize and attack cancer cells. They target specific proteins on immune cells, called immune checkpoints, which play a…
Board review
Amylin Analog Mechanism of Action
Physiology of amylin in glucose metabolism Amylin, a pancreatic peptide hormone, contributes significantly to the regulation of glucose metabolism. Upon food ingestion, amylin is co-secreted with insulin from…
Board review
Amylin Analog Mechanism of Action
Physiology of amylin in glucose metabolism Amylin, a pancreatic peptide hormone, contributes significantly to the regulation of glucose metabolism. Upon food ingestion, amylin is co-secreted with insulin from…
Board review
Mechanism of action of GLP-1 agonists
Physiology The term “incretin effect” refers to the amplification of insulin secretion instigated by oral glucose ingestion compared to an equivalent amount of glucose delivered intravenously. This effect…
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Glipizide Mechanism of Action
Physiology and Mechanism of Action The KATP channel plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion as a function of glucose levels. In a state of…
Board review
The Allen Test : Ulnar Arterial Collateral Circulation
Physicians frequently perform interventions on the radial artery, such as arterial blood gas assessment, blood sampling, or invasive blood pressure monitoring. It is essential to evaluate the adequacy…
Board review
Summary of Clinical Trials
Cardiovascular Outcome Trials in Diabetes Care Table 1. Selected trials of GLP-1 agonists. Clinical Trial Drug Outcomes LEADER Liraglutide The trial demonstrated a significant 13% reduction in the…
Board review
Whispered Pectoriloquy
Whispered pectoriloquy is a valuable clinical tool used in pulmonary physical examinations to determine the presence of lung consolidation. This technique involves auscultating a patient’s whispered speech, which…