Free Endocrinology Notes, MCQs & Infographics
Aldosterone escape has been applied to two pathophysiologic states encountered in practice. The first is the classic “aldosterone escape” of primary hyperaldosteronism. Another form of aldosterone escape has…
Prolonged exposure to supra-physiologic doses of glucocorticoids (GCs) can suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, requiring steroid weaning to prevent signs/symptoms of cortisol deficiency. Limited evidence exists to guide wean…
Interpretation of the ARR should only be made after confirming that renin is suppressed in the setting of high endogenous aldosterone production. Aldosterone renin ratio (ARR) in primary…
AVS Interpretation Calculator Adrenal Vein Sampling (AVS) Interpretation Calculator Enter the aldosterone and cortisol values from each adrenal vein and from the inferior vena cava (IVC). Indicate whether…
The cortisol to cortisone shunt requires 2 isoforms of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme. The liver and kidneys play a significant role in the physiologic regulation of cortisol action.…
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of the macula densa cells present in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), juxtaglomerular cells (present in the entire glomerular vasculature but more prominent…
A review of catecholamine synthesis and a brief introduction to terminologies such as fractionated metanephrines, plasma metanephrines and catecholamines. Synthesis of Catecholamines Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of catecholamine…
