Hypothyroidism Mnemonic
There are various causes of hypothyroidism, but the most common one is an autoimmune disease called Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. This condition occurs when…
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Hypoparathyroidism Treatment
Hypoparathyroidism is a condition in which the parathyroid glands are underactive and do not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). This hormone regulates…
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Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
This is a rare X-linked genetic disorder of sex development characterized by mutations in the androgen receptor gene. A genetic male (XY…
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The Cortisol to Cortisone Shunt
The cortisol to cortisone shunt requires 2 isoforms of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme. The liver and kidneys play a significant role in…
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Functions of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of the macula densa cells present in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), juxtaglomerular cells (present in the…
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What is Hormone Sensitive Lipase
A comparison of the roles of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in adipose tissue metabolism. Role of HSL and LPL…
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Eye Signs of Thyroid Disease
Thyroid eye disease (TED) is the most common extra-thyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease. TED can present with a myriad of ocular signs,…
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What are Plasma Metanephrines
A review of catecholamine synthesis and a brief introduction to terminologies such as fractionated metanephrines, plasma metanephrines and catecholamines. Synthesis of Catecholamines…
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What is Pemberton’s sign?
An Overview of Pemberton’s Sign Pemberton’s Sign is a clinical marker used in the detection of thoracic outlet syndrome, specifically in cases…
Read articleWhat is Carcinoid Disease of the Heart
Carcinoid heart disease(CHD), has a prevalence rate ranging from 11-70% [1]. Patients can present with right-sided murmurs (tricuspid and pulmonary valves), peripheral…
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