Free Endocrinology Notes, MCQs & Infographics
What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis? Omission of insulin and infection are the most common triggers of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Noncompliance with insulin therapy accounts for up to 44% of…
Structure Of Insulin Insulin is a 51 amino acid peptide hormone that consists of two chains (A and B) linked by a pair of disulfide bonds. The A (21…
Diabetes refers to a varied group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycemia (high blood glucose or sugar levels) resulting from genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Type 1…
People with diabetes are at a higher risk for various foot health problems; therefore, a thorough foot examination is important. This involves self-foot monitoring daily and yearly professional…
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a common and severe complication of diabetes, affecting up to 15% of individuals with diabetes at some point in their lifetime. Although DFUs…
Insulin Resistance Insulin resistance is a complex pathophysiological condition characterized by impaired biological response of body tissues, such as adipose tissue, liver, and muscle, to insulin stimulation. As…
Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a vital indicator of ketone-producing metabolic energy deficits that result from insufficient carbohydrate metabolism, leading to increased fatty acid catabolism. This article discusses the significance,…
Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine condition in which patients have elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas. The classic symptoms of untreated…
Whipple triad is defined as symptomatic hypoglycemia, biochemically confirmed hypoglycemia (plasma glucose <55 mg/dl), and reversal of hypoglycemic symptomatology after correction of hypoglycemia. Introduction The classic Whipple triad…
Incretins are gut-derived factors that enhance insulin release by pancreatic beta cells. These factors are produced by selective posttranslational modification of proglucagon, a 160-residue peptide expressed by the…
