Congenital Leptin Deficiency Mechanism
Most patients with congenital leptin deficiency tend to be conceived in primarily consanguineous relationships(1). The underlying cause is a genetic mutation in…
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Hereditary Paraganglioma Pheochromocytoma Syndromes
Hereditary paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma (PPGLs) syndromes refers to paragangliomas (tumors derived from neuroendocrine tissues found along the paravertebral axis extending from the skull base…
Read articleDiabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine condition in which patients have elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). Insulin is a hormone produced by the…
Read articlePrimary Adrenal Insufficiency sick day rules
Detailed instructions for sick day and emergency management of adrenal insufficiency. Refer to the table below. Summary of Adrenal Insufficiency Sick Day…
Read articleAdrenal Disorders
A concise review of adrenal gland physiology and classic adrenal gland diseases (adrenal insufficiency, Cushing’s syndrome, Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma, Adrenal Incidentaloma, and Primary Hyperaldosteronism).…
Read articleManagement Of Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a condition in which the bones become weak and brittle, making them more susceptible to fractures. While osteoporosis can affect…
Read articleGoiter
Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to any cause is called a goiter. A normal thyroid is not palpable. To be clinically…
Read articleWhat is Hypophosphatasia
Hypophosphatasia is an inherited disorder of bone and mineral metabolism that occurs as a result of an inactivating mutation of a gene…
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Glucose Transporters
Glucose transporters are required from shuttling glucose from the extracellular to intracellular compartment. Insulin by binding to the tyrosine kinase insulin receptor…
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Primary vs Secondary Hypothyroidism
Introduction As with the other endocrine glands controlled by the anterior pituitary, hypofunction of the thyroid gland can be divided into a…
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