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Beta-Hydroxybutyrate as a Diagnostic Tool

Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a vital indicator of ketone-producing metabolic energy deficits that result from insufficient carbohydrate metabolism, leading to increased fatty acid…

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Pathophysiology of Polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was eponymously named Stein-Leventhal syndrome based on a case series of seven women with clinical hyperandrogenism (hirsutism), oligomenorrhea,…

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Normocalcemic Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a metabolic bone disease characterizedby hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and inappropriately elevated PTHdue to autonomous production of parathyroid hormone by…

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Cinacalcet Mechanism of Action

Cinacalcet is a calcimimetic agent utilized in the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism, parathyroid cancer and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Osteitis fibrosa cystica also known…

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Bone Turnover Markers in Osteoporosis

A practical approach to utilizing bone turnover markers in the management of patients with osteoporosis. Study objectives Identify potential clinical applications of…

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Endocrine System Mnemonics

A collection of highly effective hormone (endocrinology) mnemonics to help you remember essential clinical pearls. There are a few things you can…

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