Pituitary stalk thickening
Causes of pituitary stalk thickening include infiltrative conditions and tumors. A simple mnemonic for recalling the etiology is STALLC. Causes of a…
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Zona Fasciculata of the Adrenal Gland
The adrenal glands are critical endocrine organs responsible for the production of a variety of hormones that regulate numerous bodily functions. The…
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Mnemonic for hormones
A collection of mnemonics for anterior and posterior pituitary hormones, hypothalamic hormones, sex steroids, and other adrenal hormones. Simplified memory aid for…
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Propranolol in Thyroid Storm and Thyrotoxicosis
In patients with thyrotoxicosis or thyroid storm, characterized by symptomatic hyperthyroidism, there is an excess of thyroid hormone production and secretion. This…
Read articleWhispered Pectoriloquy
Whispered pectoriloquy is a valuable clinical tool used in pulmonary physical examinations to determine the presence of lung consolidation. This technique involves…
Read articleBartter and Gitelman Syndrome
A detailed comparison of Bartter and Gitelman syndrome inheritance patterns, site of defects in the kidney, clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment. A…
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Mifepristone Mechanism of Action
The mechanism of action of mifepristone and its clinical application in the management of Cushing’s disease will be reviewed. Physiology Glucocorticoid receptor…
Read articleThe Difference between MEN1 and MEN2
Multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 and 2 (MEN1 and MEN2) are rare disorders of the endocrine system. A comparison of these syndromes and…
Read articleWhat is the Incretin Effect
Incretins are gut-derived factors that enhance insulin release by pancreatic beta cells. These factors are produced by selective posttranslational modification of proglucagon,…
Read articlePathophysiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
PCOS is characterized by amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, and infertility among women in the reproductive age group. The underlying pathophysiology of PCOS will…
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