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Anatomy of the parathyroid gland

The parathyroid glands play a central role in bone and mineral metabolism. Next, the embryologic development, anatomical structure, vascular supply, and functional…

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Winter Formula

Winter Formula is a useful approach to predicting the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in patients with metabolic acidosis. The predicted…

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Prolactinoma MRI

Prolactinomas  represent the monoclonal proliferation of lactotroph cells resulting in the formation of an adenoma. Although inheritable courses of pituitary adenomas exist,…

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Anatomy of the Pituitary

The pituitary gland (also known as hypophysis) is a pea sized gland that is composed of two significant portions, the anterior and…

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Types of Glucometers

Glucose monitors are one of the most important tools for people with diabetes. They help you keep track of your blood glucose…

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Graves disease and pregnancy

Graves disease has an interesting clinical course during pregnancy. Pregnant women with Graves disease typically go through an initial exacerbation of hyperthyroidism…

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Salt and pepper skull

Salt and pepper skull is a radiographic finding that originates from famous mid-17th-century French cuisine, highlighting the importance of white salt and…

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Pituitary Apoplexy

Pituitary apoplexy is an uncommon endocrine emergency characterized by severe headaches (“worst headache of my life), vision changes, and vomiting. This constellation…

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Two cell Two Gonadotropin Theory

The two-cell two gonadotropin theory is central to our understanding of ovarian steroidogenesis. The origin, simplified model, and intracellular signaling mechanisms involved…

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